{
	"translatorID": "fe728bc9-595a-4f03-98fc-766f1d8d0936",
	"label": "Wiley Online Library",
	"creator": "Sean Takats, Michael Berkowitz, Avram Lyon and Aurimas Vinckevicius",
	"target": "^https?://([\\w-]+\\.)?onlinelibrary\\.wiley\\.com[^/]*/(book|doi|toc|advanced/search|search-web/cochrane|cochranelibrary/search|o/cochrane/(clcentral|cldare|clcmr|clhta|cleed|clabout)/articles/.+/sect0\\.html)",
	"minVersion": "3.1",
	"maxVersion": "",
	"priority": 100,
	"inRepository": true,
	"translatorType": 4,
	"browserSupport": "gcsibv",
	"lastUpdated": "2025-06-11 15:32:23"
}

/*
   Wiley Online Translator
   Copyright (C) 2011-2021 CHNM, Avram Lyon and Aurimas Vinckevicius

   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
   (at your option) any later version.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU Affero General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */


function fixCase(authorName) {
	if (typeof authorName != 'string') return authorName;

	if (authorName.toUpperCase() == authorName
		|| authorName.toLowerCase() == authorName) {
		return ZU.capitalizeTitle(authorName, true);
	}

	return authorName;
}

function addCreators(item, creatorType, creators) {
	if (typeof (creators) == 'string') {
		creators = [creators];
	}
	else if (!(creators instanceof Array)) {
		return;
	}

	for (var i = 0, n = creators.length; i < n; i++) {
		item.creators.push(ZU.cleanAuthor(fixCase(creators[i]), creatorType, false));
	}
}

function getAuthorName(text) {
	// lower case words at the end of a name are probably not part of a name
	text = text.replace(/(\s+[a-z]+)+\s*$/, '');

	text = text.replace(/(^|[\s,])(PhD|MA|Prof|Dr)(\.?|(?=\s|$))/gi, '');	// remove salutations

	return fixCase(text.trim());
}

function scrapeBook(doc, url) {
	var title = doc.getElementById('productTitle');
	if (!title) return;

	var newItem = new Zotero.Item('book');
	newItem.title = ZU.capitalizeTitle(title.textContent, true);

	var data = ZU.xpath(doc, '//div[@id="metaData"]/p');
	var dataRe = /^(.+?):\s*(.+?)\s*$/;
	var match;
	var isbn = [];
	for (var i = 0, n = data.length; i < n; i++) {
		match = dataRe.exec(data[i].textContent);
		if (!match) continue;

		switch (match[1].trim().toLowerCase()) {
			case 'author(s)':
				addCreators(newItem, 'author', match[2].split(', '));
				break;
			case 'series editor(s)':
				addCreators(newItem, 'seriesEditor', match[2].split(', '));
				break;
			case 'editor(s)':
				addCreators(newItem, 'editor', match[2].split(', '));
				break;
			case 'published online':
				var date = ZU.strToDate(match[2]);
				date.part = null;
				newItem.date = ZU.formatDate(date);
				break;
			case 'print isbn':
			case 'online isbn':
				isbn.push(match[2]);
				break;
			case 'doi':
				newItem.DOI = ZU.cleanDOI(match[2]);
				break;
			case 'book series':
				newItem.series = match[2];
		}
	}

	newItem.ISBN = isbn.join(', ');
	newItem.rights = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//div[@id="titleMeta"]/p[@class="copyright"]');
	newItem.url = url;
	newItem.abstractNote = ZU.trimInternal(
		ZU.xpathText(doc, [
			'//div[@id="homepageContent"]',
			'/h6[normalize-space(text())="About The Product"]',
			'/following-sibling::p'
		].join(''), null, "\n") || "");
	newItem.accessDate = 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP';

	newItem.complete();
}

function scrapeEM(doc, url) {
	var itemType = detectWeb(doc, url);

	// fetch print publication date
	var date = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_date"]/@content');

	// remove duplicate meta tags
	var metas = ZU.xpath(doc,
		'//head/link[@media="screen,print"]/following-sibling::meta');
	for (var i = 0, n = metas.length; i < n; i++) {
		metas[i].parentNode.removeChild(metas[i]);
	}
	var translator = Zotero.loadTranslator('web');
	// use Embedded Metadata
	translator.setTranslator("951c027d-74ac-47d4-a107-9c3069ab7b48");
	translator.setDocument(doc);
	translator.setHandler('itemDone', function (obj, item) {
		if (itemType == 'bookSection') {
			// add authors if we didn't get them from embedded metadata
			if (!item.creators.length) {
				var authors = ZU.xpath(doc, '//ol[@id="authors"]/li/node()[1]');
				for (let i = 0, n = authors.length; i < n; i++) {
					item.creators.push(
						ZU.cleanAuthor(getAuthorName(authors[i].textContent), 'author', false));
				}
			}

			// editors
			var editors = ZU.xpath(doc, '//ol[@id="editors"]/li/node()[1]');
			for (let i = 0, n = editors.length; i < n; i++) {
				item.creators.push(
					ZU.cleanAuthor(getAuthorName(editors[i].textContent), 'editor', false));
			}

			item.rights = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//p[@id="copyright"]');

			// this is not great for summary, but will do for now
			item.abstractNote = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//div[@id="abstract"]/div[@class="para"]//p', null, "\n");
		}
		else {
			var keywords = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_keywords"]/@content');
			if (keywords) {
				item.tags = keywords.split(', ');
			}
			item.rights = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//div[@id="titleMeta"]//p[@class="copyright"]');
			item.abstractNote = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//div[@id="abstract"]/div[@class="para"]', null, "\n");
		}

		// set correct print publication date
		if (date) item.date = date;
		
		// remove pdf attachments
		for (let i = 0, n = item.attachments.length; i < n; i++) {
			if (item.attachments[i].mimeType == 'application/pdf') {
				item.attachments.splice(i, 1);
				i--;
				n--;
			}
		}

		var pdfURL = attr(doc, 'meta[name="citation_pdf_url"]', "content");
		if (pdfURL) {
			pdfURL = pdfURL.replace('/pdf/', '/pdfdirect/');
			Z.debug("PDF URL: " + pdfURL);
			item.attachments.push({
				url: pdfURL,
				title: 'Full Text PDF',
				mimeType: 'application/pdf'
			});
		}
		item.complete();
	});

	translator.getTranslatorObject(function (em) {
		em.itemType = itemType;
		em.doWeb(doc, url);
	});
}

function scrapeBibTeX(doc, url) {
	var doi = ZU.xpathText(doc, '(//meta[@name="citation_doi"])[1]/@content')
		|| ZU.xpathText(doc, '(//input[@name="publicationDoi"])[1]/@value');
	if (!doi) {
		doi = ZU.xpathText(doc, '(//p[@id="doi"])[1]');
		if (doi) doi = doi.replace(/^\s*doi:\s*/i, '');
	}
	if (!doi) {
		scrapeEM(doc, url);
		return;
	}

	let fallbackTitle = text(doc, '.citation__title');

	var postUrl = '/action/downloadCitation';
	var body = 'direct=direct'
				+ '&doi=' + encodeURIComponent(doi)
				+ '&downloadFileName=pericles_14619563AxA'
				+ '&format=bibtex'
				+ '&include=abs'
				+ '&submit=Download';

	ZU.doPost(postUrl, body, function (text) {
		// Replace uncommon dash (hex e2 80 90)
		text = text.replace(/‐/g, '-').trim();
		// Z.debug(text);

		var re = /^\s*@[a-zA-Z]+[({]/;
		if (text.startsWith('<') || !re.test(text)) {
			throw new Error("Error retrieving BibTeX");
		}

		var translator = Zotero.loadTranslator('import');
		// use BibTeX translator
		translator.setTranslator("9cb70025-a888-4a29-a210-93ec52da40d4");
		translator.setString(text);

		translator.setHandler('itemDone', function (obj, item) {
			// fix author case
			for (let i = 0, n = item.creators.length; i < n; i++) {
				item.creators[i].firstName = fixCase(item.creators[i].firstName);
				item.creators[i].lastName = fixCase(item.creators[i].lastName);
			}

			// delete nonsense author Null, Null
			if (item.creators.length && item.creators[item.creators.length - 1].lastName == "Null"
				&& item.creators[item.creators.length - 1].firstName == "Null"
			) {
				item.creators = item.creators.slice(0, -1);
			}

			// editors
			var editors = ZU.xpath(doc, '//ol[@id="editors"]/li/node()[1]');
			for (let i = 0, n = editors.length; i < n; i++) {
				item.creators.push(
					ZU.cleanAuthor(getAuthorName(editors[i].textContent), 'editor', false));
			}

			// title
			if (!item.title) {
				item.title = fallbackTitle;
			}

			if (item.title && item.title.toUpperCase() == item.title) {
				item.title = ZU.capitalizeTitle(item.title, true);
			}

			if (!item.date) {
				item.date = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_publication_date"]/@content');
			}
			// date in the cochraine library RIS is wrong
			if (ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_book_title"]/@content') == "The Cochrane Library") {
				item.date = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_online_date"]/@content');
			}
			if (item.date) {
				item.date = ZU.strToISO(item.date);
			}

			if (!item.ISSN) {
				item.ISSN = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_issn"]/@content');
			}

			// tags
			if (!item.tags.length) {
				var keywords = ZU.xpathText(doc,
					'//meta[@name="citation_keywords"][1]/@content');
				if (keywords) {
					item.tags = keywords.split(', ');
				}
			}

			// abstract should not start with "Abstract"
			if (item.abstractNote) {
				item.abstractNote = item.abstractNote.replace(/^(Abstract|Summary) /i, '');
			}

			// url in bibtex is invalid
			item.url
				= ZU.xpathText(doc,
					'//meta[@name="citation_summary_html_url"][1]/@content')
				|| ZU.xpathText(doc,
					'//meta[@name="citation_abstract_html_url"][1]/@content')
				|| ZU.xpathText(doc,
					'//meta[@name="citation_fulltext_html_url"][1]/@content')
				|| url;
			
			if (item.DOI) {
				item.DOI = ZU.cleanDOI(item.DOI);
			}
			
			if (item.itemID) {
				item.itemID = 'doi:' + ZU.cleanDOI(item.itemID);
			}

			// bookTitle
			if (!item.bookTitle) {
				item.bookTitle = item.publicationTitle
					|| ZU.xpathText(doc,
						'//meta[@name="citation_book_title"][1]/@content');
			}

			// language
			if (!item.language) {
				item.language = ZU.xpathText(doc,
					'//meta[@name="citation_language"][1]/@content');
			}

			// rights
			item.rights = ZU.xpathText(doc,
				'//p[@class="copyright" or @id="copyright"]');
			
			// try to detect invalid data in pages (e.g. "inside_front_cover")
			if (item.pages && /[a-zA-Z]_[a-zA-Z]/.test(item.pages)) {
				delete item.pages;
			}

			// attachments
			item.attachments = [{
				title: 'Snapshot',
				document: doc,
				mimeType: 'text/html'
			}];

			var pdfURL = attr(doc, 'meta[name="citation_pdf_url"]', "content");
			if (pdfURL) {
				pdfURL = pdfURL.replace('/pdf/', '/pdfdirect/');
				Z.debug("PDF URL: " + pdfURL);
				item.attachments.push({
					url: pdfURL,
					title: 'Full Text PDF',
					mimeType: 'application/pdf'
				});
			}
			item.complete();
		});

		translator.translate();
	});
}

function scrapeCochraneTrial(doc) {
	Z.debug("Scraping Cochrane External Sources");
	var item = new Zotero.Item('journalArticle');
	// Z.debug(ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta/@content'))
	item.title = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="Article-title"]/@content');
	item.publicationTitle = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="source"]/@content');
	item.abstractNote = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="abstract"]/@content');
	item.date = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="simpleYear"]/@content');
	item.volume = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="volume"]/@content');
	item.pages = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="pages"]/@content');
	item.issue = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="issue"]/@content');
	item.rights = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="Copyright"]/@content');
	var tags = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="cochraneGroupCode"]/@content');
	if (tags) tags = tags.split(/\s*;\s*/);
	for (var i in tags) {
		item.tags.push(tags[i]);
	}
	item.attachments.push({ document: doc, title: "Cochrane Snapshot", mimType: "text/html" });
	var authors = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="orderedAuthors"]/@content');
	if (!authors) authors = ZU.xpathText(doc, '//meta[@name="Author"]/@content');

	authors = authors.split(/\s*,\s*/);

	for (let i = 0; i < authors.length; i++) {
		// authors are in the forms Smith AS
		var authormatch = authors[i].match(/(.+?)\s+([A-Z]+(\s[A-Z])?)\s*$/);
		if (authormatch) {
			item.creators.push({
				lastName: authormatch[1],
				firstName: authormatch[2],
				creatorType: "author"
			});
		}
		else {
			item.creators.push({
				lastName: authors[i],
				fieldMode: 1,
				creatorType: "author"
			});
		}
	}
	item.complete();
}

function scrape(doc, url) {
	var itemType = detectWeb(doc, url);

	if (itemType == 'book') {
		scrapeBook(doc, url);
	}
	else if (/\/o\/cochrane\/(clcentral|cldare|clcmr|clhta|cleed|clabout)/.test(url)) {
		scrapeCochraneTrial(doc);
	}
	else {
		scrapeBibTeX(doc, url);
	}
}

function getSearchResults(doc, checkOnly) {
	var items = {};
	var found = false;
	var rows = doc.querySelectorAll('.table-of-content a.issue-item__title, .item__body h2 a');
	for (var i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
		var href = rows[i].href;
		var title = ZU.trimInternal(rows[i].textContent);
		if (!href || !title) continue;
		if (checkOnly) return true;
		found = true;
		items[href] = title;
	}
	return found ? items : false;
}


function detectWeb(doc, url) {
	// monitor for site changes on Cochrane
	if (doc.getElementsByClassName('cochraneSearchForm').length && doc.getElementById('searchResultOuter')) {
		Zotero.monitorDOMChanges(doc.getElementById('searchResultOuter'));
	}

	if (url.includes('/toc')
		|| url.includes('/results')
		|| url.includes('/doSearch')
		|| url.includes('/mainSearch?')
	) {
		if (getSearchResults(doc, true)) return 'multiple';
	}
	else if (url.includes('/book/')) {
		// if the book has more than one chapter, scrape chapters
		if (getSearchResults(doc, true)) return 'multiple';
		// otherwise, import book
		return 'book'; // does this exist?
	}
	else if (ZU.xpath(doc, '//meta[@name="citation_book_title"]').length) {
		return 'bookSection';
	}
	else {
		return 'journalArticle';
	}
	return false;
}


function doWeb(doc, url) {
	var type = detectWeb(doc, url);
	if (type == "multiple") {
		Zotero.selectItems(getSearchResults(doc, false), function (items) {
			if (!items) {
				return;
			}
			var articles = [];
			for (var i in items) {
				// for Cochrane trials - get the frame with the actual data
				if (i.includes("frame.html")) i = i.replace(/frame\.html$/, "sect0.html");
				articles.push(i);
			}
			ZU.processDocuments(articles, scrape);
		});
	}
	// Single article
	// /pdf/, /epdf/, or /pdfdirect/
	else if (/\/e?pdf(direct)?\//.test(url)) {
		url = url.replace(/\/e?pdf(direct)?\//, '/');
		Zotero.debug("Redirecting to abstract page: " + url);
		ZU.processDocuments(url, function (doc, url) {
			scrape(doc, url);
		});
	}
	else {
		scrape(doc, url);
	}
}

/** BEGIN TEST CASES **/
var testCases = [
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?AfterMonth=&AfterYear=&BeforeMonth=&BeforeYear=&Ppub=&field1=AllField&field2=AllField&field3=AllField&text1=zotero&text2=&text3=",
		"items": "multiple"
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118269381.notes",
		"items": [
			{
				"itemType": "bookSection",
				"title": "Endnotes",
				"creators": [],
				"date": "2011",
				"ISBN": "9781118269381",
				"bookTitle": "The World is Open",
				"extra": "DOI: 10.1002/9781118269381.notes",
				"itemID": "doi:10.1002/9781118269381.notes",
				"language": "en",
				"libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
				"pages": "427-467",
				"publisher": "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd",
				"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118269381.notes",
				"attachments": [
					{
						"title": "Snapshot",
						"mimeType": "text/html"
					},
					{
						"title": "Full Text PDF",
						"mimeType": "application/pdf"
					}
				],
				"tags": [],
				"notes": [],
				"seeAlso": []
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15251497/19/s1",
		"items": "multiple"
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527610853",
		"items": "multiple"
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444304794.ch1",
		"items": [
			{
				"itemType": "bookSection",
				"title": "Silent Cinema and its Pioneers (1906–1930)",
				"creators": [],
				"date": "2008",
				"ISBN": "9781444304794",
				"abstractNote": "This chapter contains sections titled: Historical and Political Overview of the Period Context11 Film Scenes: Close Readings Directors (Life and Works) Critical Commentary",
				"bookTitle": "100 Years of Spanish Cinema",
				"extra": "DOI: 10.1002/9781444304794.ch1",
				"itemID": "doi:10.1002/9781444304794.ch1",
				"language": "en",
				"libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
				"pages": "1-20",
				"publisher": "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd",
				"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444304794.ch1",
				"attachments": [
					{
						"title": "Snapshot",
						"mimeType": "text/html"
					},
					{
						"title": "Full Text PDF",
						"mimeType": "application/pdf"
					}
				],
				"tags": [
					{
						"tag": "1897"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Directors (Life and Works) - Ángel García Cardona and Antonio Cuesta13"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Florián Rey (Antonio Martínez de Castillo)"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Florián Rey's La aldea maldita (1930)"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Fructuós Gelabert - made the first Spanish fiction film"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Fructuós Gelabert's Amor que mata (1909)"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Ricardo Baños"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Ricardo Baños and Albert Marro's Don Pedro el Cruel (1911)"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Riña en un café"
					},
					{
						"tag": "silent cinema and its pioneers (1906–1930)"
					},
					{
						"tag": "three films - part of “the preliminary industrial and expressive framework for Spain's budding cinema”"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Ángel García Cardona and Antonio Cuesta"
					},
					{
						"tag": "Ángel García Cardona's El ciego de aldea (1906)"
					}
				],
				"notes": [],
				"seeAlso": []
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444390124",
		"items": "multiple"
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://ceramics.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470320419",
		"items": "multiple"
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pmic.201100327",
		"items": [
			{
				"itemType": "journalArticle",
				"title": "A mass spectrometry-based method to screen for α-amidated peptides",
				"creators": [
					{
						"firstName": "Zhenming",
						"lastName": "An",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Yudan",
						"lastName": "Chen",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "John M.",
						"lastName": "Koomen",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "David J.",
						"lastName": "Merkler",
						"creatorType": "author"
					}
				],
				"date": "2012",
				"DOI": "10.1002/pmic.201100327",
				"ISSN": "1615-9861",
				"abstractNote": "Amidation is a post-translational modification found at the C-terminus of ∼50% of all neuropeptide hormones. Cleavage of the Cα–N bond of a C-terminal glycine yields the α-amidated peptide in a reaction catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). The mass of an α-amidated peptide decreases by 58 Da relative to its precursor. The amino acid sequences of an α-amidated peptide and its precursor differ only by the C-terminal glycine meaning that the peptides exhibit similar RP-HPLC properties and tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) fragmentation patterns. Growth of cultured cells in the presence of a PAM inhibitor ensured the coexistence of α-amidated peptides and their precursors. A strategy was developed for precursor and α-amidated peptide pairing (PAPP): LC-MS/MS data of peptide extracts were scanned for peptide pairs that differed by 58 Da in mass, but had similar RP-HPLC retention times. The resulting peptide pairs were validated by checking for similar fragmentation patterns in their MS/MS data prior to identification by database searching or manual interpretation. This approach significantly reduced the number of spectra requiring interpretation, decreasing the computing time required for database searching and enabling manual interpretation of unidentified spectra. Reported here are the α-amidated peptides identified from AtT-20 cells using the PAPP method.",
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						"lastName": "An",
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					{
						"firstName": "Yudan",
						"lastName": "Chen",
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					{
						"firstName": "John M.",
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				"date": "2012",
				"DOI": "10.1002/pmic.201100327",
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				"abstractNote": "Amidation is a post-translational modification found at the C-terminus of ∼50% of all neuropeptide hormones. Cleavage of the Cα–N bond of a C-terminal glycine yields the α-amidated peptide in a reaction catalyzed by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). The mass of an α-amidated peptide decreases by 58 Da relative to its precursor. The amino acid sequences of an α-amidated peptide and its precursor differ only by the C-terminal glycine meaning that the peptides exhibit similar RP-HPLC properties and tandem mass spectral (MS/MS) fragmentation patterns. Growth of cultured cells in the presence of a PAM inhibitor ensured the coexistence of α-amidated peptides and their precursors. A strategy was developed for precursor and α-amidated peptide pairing (PAPP): LC-MS/MS data of peptide extracts were scanned for peptide pairs that differed by 58 Da in mass, but had similar RP-HPLC retention times. The resulting peptide pairs were validated by checking for similar fragmentation patterns in their MS/MS data prior to identification by database searching or manual interpretation. This approach significantly reduced the number of spectra requiring interpretation, decreasing the computing time required for database searching and enabling manual interpretation of unidentified spectra. Reported here are the α-amidated peptides identified from AtT-20 cells using the PAPP method.",
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						"firstName": "L.",
						"lastName": "von Meyer",
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					{
						"firstName": "W. R.",
						"lastName": "Külpmann",
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				"date": "2002",
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				"abstractNote": "Immunoassay Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) Gaschromatographie Medizinische Beurteilung und klinische Interpretation Literatur",
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						"firstName": "Deane-Peter",
						"lastName": "Baker",
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						"firstName": "James",
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				"abstractNote": "The possibility of using private military and security companies to bolster the capacity to undertake intervention for human rights purposes (humanitarian intervention and peacekeeping) has been increasingly debated. The focus of such discussions has, however, largely been on practical issues and the contingent problems posed by private force. By contrast, this article considers the principled case for privatising humanitarian intervention. It focuses on two central issues. First, does outsourcing humanitarian intervention to private military and security companies pose some fundamental, deeper problems in this context, such as an abdication of a state's duties? Second, on the other hand, is there a case for preferring these firms to other, state-based agents of humanitarian intervention? For instance, given a state's duties to their own military personnel, should the use of private military and security contractors be preferred to regular soldiers for humanitarian intervention?",
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				"language": "en",
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				"pages": "1-18",
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				"title": "Volume for Winners and Losers: Taxation and Other Motives for Stock Trading",
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						"firstName": "Josef",
						"lastName": "Lakonishok",
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					{
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						"lastName": "Smidt",
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				"DOI": "10.1111/j.1540-6261.1986.tb04559.x",
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				"abstractNote": "Capital gains taxes create incentives to trade. Our major finding is that turnover is higher for winners (stocks, the prices of which have increased) than for losers, which is not consistent with the tax prediction. However, the turnover in December and January is evidence of tax-motivated trading; there is a relatively high turnover for losers in December and for winners in January. We conclude that taxes influence turnover, but other motives for trading are more important. We were unable to find evidence that changing the length of the holding period required to qualify for long-term capital gains treatment affected turnover.",
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				"title": "Phosphane-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions: The Decisive Role of Pd Nanoparticles",
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					{
						"firstName": "Manfred T.",
						"lastName": "Reetz",
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					{
						"firstName": "Elke",
						"lastName": "Westermann",
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				"date": "2000",
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				"ISSN": "1521-3773",
				"abstractNote": "Nanosized palladium colloids, generated in situ by reduction of PdII to Pd0 [Eq. (a)], are involved in the catalysis of phosphane-free Heck and Suzuki reactions with simple palladium salts such as PdCl2 or Pd(OAc)2, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopic investigations.",
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				"pages": "165-168",
				"publicationTitle": "Angewandte Chemie International Edition",
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				"tags": [
					{
						"tag": "C−C coupling"
					},
					{
						"tag": "colloids"
					},
					{
						"tag": "palladium"
					},
					{
						"tag": "transmission electron microscopy"
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				"notes": [],
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				"title": "Studies on imidazole derivatives and related compounds. 2. Characterization of substituted derivatives of 4-carbamoylimidazolium-5-olate by ultraviolet absorption spectra",
				"creators": [
					{
						"firstName": "Y.",
						"lastName": "Tarumi",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "T.",
						"lastName": "Atsumi",
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				],
				"date": "1983",
				"DOI": "10.1002/jhet.5570200408",
				"ISSN": "1943-5193",
				"abstractNote": "The representative mono- and dialkyl-substituted derivatives of 4-carbamoylimidazolium-5-olate (1) were synthesized unequivocally. On the basis of their spectral data for ultraviolet absorption spectra in acidic, basic and neutral solutions, we have found some spectral characteristics which make it facile to clarify the position of substituents.",
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				"itemID": "doi:10.1002/jhet.5570200408",
				"language": "en",
				"libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
				"pages": "875-885",
				"publicationTitle": "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry",
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				"title": "Multiple Case Study Methods and Findings",
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					{
						"firstName": "J. Bradley",
						"lastName": "Cousins",
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					},
					{
						"firstName": "Isabelle",
						"lastName": "Bourgeois",
						"creatorType": "author"
					}
				],
				"date": "2014",
				"DOI": "10.1002/ev.20077",
				"ISSN": "1534-875X",
				"abstractNote": "Research on organizational evaluation capacity building (ECB) has focused very much on the capacity to do evaluation, neglecting organizational demand for evaluation and the capacity to use it. This qualitative multiple case study comprises a systematic examination of organizational capacity within eight distinct organizations guided by a common conceptual framework. Described in this chapter are the rationale and methods for the study and then the sequential presentation of findings for each of the eight case organizations. Data collection and analyses for these studies occurred six years ago; findings are cross-sectional and do not reflect changes in organizations or their capacity for evaluation since that time. The format for presenting the findings was standardized so as to foster cross-case analyses, the focus for the next and final chapter of this volume.",
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						"firstName": "Afonso",
						"lastName": "Gonçalves Neto",
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						"firstName": "Jaime B.",
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						"firstName": "Heather",
						"lastName": "Furey",
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				"DOI": "10.1029/2020JC016068",
				"ISSN": "2169-9291",
				"abstractNote": "Labrador Sea Water (LSW) is a major component of the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, yet LSW transport pathways and their variability lack a complete description. A portion of the LSW exported from the subpolar gyre is advected eastward along the North Atlantic Current and must contend with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge before reaching the eastern basins of the North Atlantic. Here, we analyze observations from a mooring array and satellite altimetry, together with outputs from a hindcast ocean model simulation, to estimate the mean transport of LSW across the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), a primary gateway for the eastward transport of the water mass. The LSW transport estimated from the 25-year altimetry record is 5.3 ± 2.9 Sv, where the error represents the combination of observational variability and the uncertainty in the projection of the surface velocities to the LSW layer. Current velocities modulate the interannual to higher-frequency variability of the LSW transport at the CGFZ, while the LSW thickness becomes important on longer time scales. The modeled mean LSW transport for 1993–2012 is higher than the estimate from altimetry, at 8.2 ± 4.1 Sv. The modeled LSW thickness decreases substantially at the CGFZ between 1996 and 2009, consistent with an observed decline in LSW volume in the Labrador Sea after 1994. We suggest that satellite altimetry and continuous hydrographic measurements in the central Labrador Sea, supplemented by profiles from Argo floats, could be sufficient to quantify the LSW transport at the CGFZ.",
				"issue": "8",
				"itemID": "doi:10.1029/2020JC016068",
				"language": "en",
				"libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
				"pages": "e2020JC016068",
				"publicationTitle": "Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans",
				"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2020JC016068",
				"volume": "125",
				"attachments": [
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						"title": "Snapshot",
						"mimeType": "text/html"
					},
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						"title": "Full Text PDF",
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				],
				"tags": [],
				"notes": [
					{
						"note": "<p>e2020JC016068 10.1029/2020JC016068</p>"
					}
				],
				"seeAlso": []
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hast.1072",
		"items": [
			{
				"itemType": "journalArticle",
				"title": "Precision (Mis)Education",
				"creators": [
					{
						"firstName": "Lucas J.",
						"lastName": "Matthews",
						"creatorType": "author"
					}
				],
				"date": "2020",
				"DOI": "10.1002/hast.1072",
				"ISSN": "1552-146X",
				"abstractNote": "In August of 2018, the results of the largest genomic investigation in human history were published. Scanning the DNA of over one million participants, a genome-wide association study was conducted to identify genetic variants associated with the number of years of education a person has completed. This measure, called “educational attainment,” is often treated as a proxy for intelligence and cognitive ability. The study raises a host of hard philosophical questions about study design and strength of evidence. It also sets the basis for something far more controversial. Using a new genomic method that generates “polygenic scores,” researchers are now able to use the results of the study to predict a person's educational potential from a blood or saliva sample. Going a step further, some researchers have begun to promote “precision education,” which would tailor students’ school plans to their genetic profiles. The idea of precision education provokes concerns about stigma and self-fulfilling prophecies.",
				"issue": "1",
				"itemID": "doi:10.1002/hast.1072",
				"language": "en",
				"libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
				"publicationTitle": "Hastings Center Report",
				"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hast.1072",
				"volume": "50",
				"attachments": [
					{
						"title": "Snapshot",
						"mimeType": "text/html"
					},
					{
						"title": "Full Text PDF",
						"mimeType": "application/pdf"
					}
				],
				"tags": [],
				"notes": [],
				"seeAlso": []
			}
		]
	},
	{
		"type": "web",
		"url": "https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcc.70008",
		"items": [
			{
				"itemType": "journalArticle",
				"title": "Four Principles of Transformative Adaptation to Climate Change-Exacerbated Hazards in Informal Settlements",
				"creators": [
					{
						"firstName": "Ben C.",
						"lastName": "Howard",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Simon",
						"lastName": "Moulds",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Samuel",
						"lastName": "Agyei-Mensah",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Khadiza Tul Kobra",
						"lastName": "Nahin",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Zahidul",
						"lastName": "Quayyum",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Brian E.",
						"lastName": "Robinson",
						"creatorType": "author"
					},
					{
						"firstName": "Wouter",
						"lastName": "Buytaert",
						"creatorType": "author"
					}
				],
				"date": "2025",
				"DOI": "10.1002/wcc.70008",
				"ISSN": "1757-7799",
				"abstractNote": "Residents of urban informal settlements are among the most at-risk of climate change-exacerbated hazards. Yet, traditional approaches to adaptation have failed to reduce risk sustainably and equitably. In contrast, transformative adaptation recognizes the inextricable nature of complex climate risk and social inequality, embedding principles of social justice in pathways to societal resilience. Its potential for impact may be greatest in informal settlements, but its application in this context introduces a new set of challenges and remains largely aspirational. To address this missed opportunity, in this focus article we provide clarity on how transformative adaptation can manifest in informal settlements. Although context-dependency precludes the formulation of specific guidelines, we identify four principles which are foundational to its deployment in these settings. Acknowledging constraints, we define levels of achievement of the principles and suggest how they might be reached in practice. Achieving transformative adaptation in informal settlements is complex, but we argue that it is already achievable and could represent a prime opportunity to accelerate the rate of adaptation to build a climate resilient society.",
				"issue": "3",
				"itemID": "doi:10.1002/wcc.70008",
				"language": "en",
				"libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library",
				"pages": "e70008",
				"publicationTitle": "WIREs Climate Change",
				"rights": "© 2025 The Author(s). WIREs Climate Change published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.",
				"url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.70008",
				"volume": "16",
				"attachments": [
					{
						"title": "Snapshot",
						"mimeType": "text/html"
					},
					{
						"title": "Full Text PDF",
						"mimeType": "application/pdf"
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				],
				"tags": [
					{
						"tag": "climate change adaptation"
					},
					{
						"tag": "disaster risk reduction"
					},
					{
						"tag": "informal settlements"
					},
					{
						"tag": "sustainable development"
					},
					{
						"tag": "transformative adaptation"
					}
				],
				"notes": [
					{
						"note": "<p>e70008 WCC-1269.R2</p>"
					}
				],
				"seeAlso": []
			}
		]
	}
]
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