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<title>[2511.17069] Principled Design of Interpretable Automated Scoring for Large-Scale Educational Assessments</title>
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<meta property=og:description content="AI-driven automated scoring systems offer scalable and efficient means of evaluating complex student-generated responses. Yet, despite increasing demand for transparency and interpretability, the field has yet to develop a widely accepted solution for interpretable automated scoring to be used in large-scale real-world assessments. This work takes a principled approach to address this challenge. We analyze the needs and potential benefits of interpretable automated scoring for various assessment stakeholders and develop four principles of interpretability -- Faithfulness, Groundedness, Traceability, and Interchangeability (FGTI) -- targeted at those needs. To illustrate the feasibility of implementing these principles, we develop the AnalyticScore framework for short answer scoring as a baseline reference framework for future research. AnalyticScore operates by (1) extracting explicitly identifiable elements of the responses, (2) featurizing each response into human-interpretable values using LLMs, and (3) applying an intuitive ordinal logistic regression model for scoring. In terms of scoring accuracy, AnalyticScore outperforms many uninterpretable scoring methods, and is within only 0.06 QWK of the uninterpretable SOTA on average across 10 items from the ASAP-SAS dataset. By comparing against human annotators conducting the same featurization task, we further demonstrate that the featurization behavior of AnalyticScore aligns well with that of humans.">
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<meta name=citation_title content="Principled Design of Interpretable Automated Scoring for Large-Scale Educational Assessments"><meta name=citation_author content="Kim, Yunsung"><meta name=citation_author content="Hardy, Mike"><meta name=citation_author content="Tey, Joseph"><meta name=citation_author content="Thille, Candace"><meta name=citation_author content="Piech, Chris"><meta name=citation_date content=2025/11/21><meta name=citation_online_date content=2025/11/21><meta name=citation_pdf_url content=https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.17069><meta name=citation_arxiv_id content=2511.17069><meta name=citation_abstract content="AI-driven automated scoring systems offer scalable and efficient means of evaluating complex student-generated responses. Yet, despite increasing demand for transparency and interpretability, the field has yet to develop a widely accepted solution for interpretable automated scoring to be used in large-scale real-world assessments. This work takes a principled approach to address this challenge. We analyze the needs and potential benefits of interpretable automated scoring for various assessment stakeholders and develop four principles of interpretability -- Faithfulness, Groundedness, Traceability, and Interchangeability (FGTI) -- targeted at those needs. To illustrate the feasibility of implementing these principles, we develop the AnalyticScore framework for short answer scoring as a baseline reference framework for future research. AnalyticScore operates by (1) extracting explicitly identifiable elements of the responses, (2) featurizing each response into human-interpretable values using LLMs, and (3) applying an intuitive ordinal logistic regression model for scoring. In terms of scoring accuracy, AnalyticScore outperforms many uninterpretable scoring methods, and is within only 0.06 QWK of the uninterpretable SOTA on average across 10 items from the ASAP-SAS dataset. By comparing against human annotators conducting the same featurization task, we further demonstrate that the featurization behavior of AnalyticScore aligns well with that of humans.">
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<h1>Computer Science &gt; Computation and Language</h1>
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<strong>arXiv:2511.17069</strong> (cs)
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<style>#abs{font-family:"Lucida Grande",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif!important}#abs h1.title{display:block;font-size:1.8em!important;font-weight:700;margin-block-end:12px;margin-block-start:12px;margin-bottom:12px;margin-inline-end:0px;margin-inline-start:20px;margin-left:20px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:12px}#abs div.authors{font-size:1.2em;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:20px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:8px}#abs div.dateline{font-size:0.9em;font-style:italic;margin-bottom:6.5px;margin-left:20px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:6.5px}#abs blockquote.abstract{font-size:1.05em;margin-block-end:21.6px;margin-block-start:14.4px;margin-bottom:21.6px;margin-inline-end:40px;margin-inline-start:40px;background-color:white;border-left:0px;padding:0px}#abs div.metatable{font-size:0.95em!important;margin-bottom:19px;margin-left:20px;margin-right:0px;margin-top:0px;border:0px;padding:0px}#abs div.metatable tbody{vertical-align:middle}#abs tr{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px}#abs td.tablecell{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-right:6.5px;padding-left:0px;vertical-align:top;font-size:0.95em!important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;border:0px}#abs td.tablecell.label{font-weight:400!important}#abs span.primary-subject{font-weight:700}#abs span.arxivid{font-weight:700}</style>
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[Submitted on 21 Nov 2025]</div>
<h1 class="title mathjax"><span class="descriptor sf-hidden">Title:</span>Principled Design of Interpretable Automated Scoring for Large-Scale Educational Assessments</h1>
<div class=authors><span class="descriptor sf-hidden">Authors:</span><a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&amp;query=Kim,+Y" rel=nofollow>Yunsung Kim</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&amp;query=Hardy,+M" rel=nofollow>Mike Hardy</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&amp;query=Tey,+J" rel=nofollow>Joseph Tey</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&amp;query=Thille,+C" rel=nofollow>Candace Thille</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&amp;query=Piech,+C" rel=nofollow>Chris Piech</a></div> <div id=download-button-info class=sf-hidden hidden>View a PDF of the paper titled Principled Design of Interpretable Automated Scoring for Large-Scale Educational Assessments, by Yunsung Kim and 4 other authors</div>
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<blockquote class="abstract mathjax">
<span class="descriptor sf-hidden">Abstract:</span>AI-driven automated scoring systems offer scalable and efficient means of evaluating complex student-generated responses. Yet, despite increasing demand for transparency and interpretability, the field has yet to develop a widely accepted solution for interpretable automated scoring to be used in large-scale real-world assessments. This work takes a principled approach to address this challenge. We analyze the needs and potential benefits of interpretable automated scoring for various assessment stakeholders and develop four principles of interpretability -- Faithfulness, Groundedness, Traceability, and Interchangeability (FGTI) -- targeted at those needs. To illustrate the feasibility of implementing these principles, we develop the AnalyticScore framework for short answer scoring as a baseline reference framework for future research. AnalyticScore operates by (1) extracting explicitly identifiable elements of the responses, (2) featurizing each response into human-interpretable values using LLMs, and (3) applying an intuitive ordinal logistic regression model for scoring. In terms of scoring accuracy, AnalyticScore outperforms many uninterpretable scoring methods, and is within only 0.06 QWK of the uninterpretable SOTA on average across 10 items from the ASAP-SAS dataset. By comparing against human annotators conducting the same featurization task, we further demonstrate that the featurization behavior of AnalyticScore aligns well with that of humans.
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<td class="tablecell label">Comments:</td>
<td class="tablecell comments mathjax">16 pages, 2 figures</td>
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<h2>Submission history</h2> From: Yunsung Kim [<a href=https://arxiv.org/show-email/0ad0c327/2511.17069 rel=nofollow>view email</a>] <br> <strong>[v1]</strong>
Fri, 21 Nov 2025 09:19:05 UTC (183 KB)<br>
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